Proper clothing is the most effective way to prevent frostbite.

Use a layered clothing system:

• Base layer: Moisture-wicking material to keep skin dry
• Middle layer: Insulating layer such as fleece or wool
• Outer layer: Windproof and waterproof jacket or shell

Additional protection:

• Insulated gloves or mittens
• Warm hat covering the ears
• Scarf, neck gaiter, or face covering
• Warm, dry socks
• Insulated waterproof boots
• Heated gloves and socks

Tip: Mittens are usually warmer than gloves because fingers share heat.

Moisture greatly increases heat loss and the risk of frostbite.

Try to:

• Change wet gloves or socks as soon as possible
• Avoid sweating by adjusting layers
• Use clothing to protect from snow and rain

The risk of frostbite increases with longer exposure to cold temperatures, especially periods of inactivity where the body is not producing heat.

To reduce risk:

• Take regular breaks indoors or in shelter
• Warm up hands and feet periodically
• Plan shorter trips in extreme cold conditions

Tip: Wind can dramatically increase the risk of frostbite.

High altitude increases the risk of frostbite through several effects: falling ambient temperatures with elevation; hypoxia, which reduces physical performance, slows movement, and limits metabolic heat production; and cognitive impairment that can compromise protective decision making. Supplemental oxygen can reduce this risk but does not eliminate it.

Cold wind can freeze exposed skin quickly.

When conditions are severe:

• Cover the face, nose, and cheeks using face masks or balaclavas in extreme cold

Cold temperatures combined with wind can cause frostbite much faster than many people expect. Wind removes heat from exposed skin, dramatically increasing the risk.

Important:
Wind chill applies to exposed skin only.

Good circulation helps keep tissues warm.

Helpful measures include:

• Move fingers and toes regularly
• Avoid tight boots, gloves, or clothing
• Stay physically active if safe to do so

Your body needs energy to produce heat.

• Eat regular meals or snacks
• Stay well hydrated

Avoid alcohol in cold environments, as it reduces the body’s ability to regulate temperature.

Recognising frostbite early can prevent more serious injury.

Watch for:

• Pale or white skin
• Numbness or tingling
• Skin that feels unusually cold or firm

If you notice these signs:

• Get out of the cold immediately
• Warm the affected area gradually

Some people are more vulnerable to frostbite, including those with:

• Poor circulation
• Diabetes
• Certain medications that affect circulation

Children and older adults may also be more susceptible to cold injury.